Enhanced Adsorptive Removal of Dyes Using Mandarin Peel Biochars via Chemical Activation with NH4Cl and ZnCl2

This study examined differences in the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics of dyes (methyl orange fast green FCF) by pristine (M–biochar) chemical activated mandarin peel biochars (MN–biochar MZ–biochar). The specific surface area (1085.0 m2/g) pore volume (0.194 cm3/g) MZ-biochar much higher than those M–biochar (specific = 8.5 m2/g, 0.016 MN–biochar 181.1 0.031 cm3/g). equilibrium capacities (mg/g) MO FG using (MO 0.95, 0.78) 2.52, 2.13), MZ–biochar 16.27, 12.44) have well-matched pseudo-second-order model (R2 ? 0.952) compared with pseudo-first-order 0.008). Furthermore, better explanation behavior Freundlich isotherm 0.978) Langmuir 0.881) supports assumption that multilayer governed biochars. adsorptions were significantly dependent on solution pH temperature since electrostatic spontaneous endothermic reactions their removal